• US programmes including HBTSS, the SDA Tracking Layer, Golden Dome, and Aegis upgrades aim to detect and intercept hypersonic missiles at every flight phase.

  • Europe pursues TWISTER, ODIN's EYE II, HYDEF, and HYDIS2 for sovereign early warning and interceptor capability, mostly targeting fielding around 2035.

  • Golden Dome's cost estimates range from $185 billion to $1.2 trillion, with space-based interceptors as the most expensive and disputed element.